The specific mechanisms of the Immune system of the Human body are so diverse and complicated. They are unique and specific in order to fight all kinds of antigens or foreign bodies entering the human physiological systems and here is just a little highlight on the various immunological effector arms and disorders of hypersensitivity.
Characteristic Features of Various Immunological Effector Arms
1. T cells: Cell surface marker is the sheep RBC receptor; Identification- E rosette; its mechanism of action is by direct cell mediated lysis and lymphokine production. Its activities are against viruses, bacteria, cancers and transplanted organs. Its type of hypersensitivity is Type IV.
2. B cells: Complement receptor and surface Ig are the complement markers. Identification is by EAC rosette or surface immunoglobulins. Mechanism of action is by antibody depended complement mediated cytolysis and agglutination. Its activities are against bacteria and viruses and finally, its involved in Hypersensitivity reactions of Types I, II, III and V.
3. K cells: Cell surface markers are the Fc receptors and its mechanism of action is by direct cell mediated cytolysis. Type of hypersensitivity its involved in is not yet known.
4. Macrophages: Cell surface markers are the Fc receptor and complement receptors. It can be identified by its adherence to a glass surface. Its mechanism of action is phagocytosis and it fights against bacteria and tissue debris. Finally, it is involved in hypersensitivity type III.
Common Hypersensitivity Disorders
1. Type I: Anaphylactic, IgE mediated, histamine dependent: Skin diseases in such disorder are: rashes due to bacteria, viruses, parasites, food and drugs; and atopic dermatitis. Rhinitis and asthma due to pollen dust feathers are the well known Lung diseases. Other diseases include penicillin reaction and food allergy. The main signs on skin test for such disorder include Wheal and flare, no cells, reaction within 30 minutes (immediate type).
2. Type II: Cytotoxic antibody mediated complement dependent: Such skin diseases as Bullous pemphigoid (basement membrane); pemphigus vulgaris (desmosomes). Goodpasture's (anti GBM) syndrome are the common Kidney diseases. Other ailments such as Transfusion reactions, iso-immunization (Rh), drug-induced hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia etc are also very common.
Type III: Immune complex mediated, complement and phagocyte dependent: The main skin disease is Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE). common Kidney diseases are the post-streptococcal glomerulo-nephritis, nephrosis of quartan malaria. For the Lungs, such ailments are common, Farmer's lung due to dusts from hay, bagassosis, cereal grains, etc. Other common diseases are the Arthus reaction serum sickenss. The main signs on skin test for this situation are Erythema and edema, polymorphs predominate, maximum reaction at 3-8 hours, intermediate group.
Type IV: T cell mediated cytotoxic: Skin diseases such as contact allergy to chemicals and granuloma in leprosy are common. Chronic and membrano-proliferative glomerulo-nephritis are the commonest Kidney diseases. As for Lungs, Granuloma and caseation in tuberculosis. Other diseases are Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Major signs on skin test are, erythema and induration, lymphocytes predominate, maximum at 72 hours (delayed type).
Type V stimulatory antibody mediated: No common skin, Kidney and Lung diseases known. But some common ailments in this category are thyrotoxicosis due to long acting thyroid stimulator.
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